Cryptologic Casinos: Your Complete Guide to Trusted Online Gaming Since 1995

Cryptologic Casinos represent one of the most established and trusted software providers in the online gambling industry. Founded in 1995 by Canadian brothers Mark and Andrew Rivkin, Cryptologic pioneered secure online transaction technology that revolutionized how money was processed for online gambling. Starting with their first licensing agreement with InterCasino in 1996, Cryptologic quickly became a powerhouse in casino software development. Their portfolio includes hundreds of high-quality games ranging from classic slots and table games to groundbreaking progressive jackpot networks that have paid out millions to lucky winners over the years. Despite facing challenges including the loss of Marvel and DC comic licenses and subsequent acquisitions (first by Amaya Gaming in 2012, then NYX Gaming Group), Cryptologic’s legacy lives on with many of their classic games still available at reputable online casinos worldwide. What sets Cryptologic apart is their commitment to security, fair gaming certified by independent auditors like eCOGRA, and their early focus on licensing popular brands to create slots based on movies, TV shows, and board games – an approach that influenced the entire industry.

• Founded in 1995, making it one of the oldest established casino software providers
• Powering over 300 certified casino games across multiple categories
• Pioneered secure online gambling transactions before widespread internet usage
• Developed one of the first progressive jackpot networks with Millionaire’s Club
• eCOGRA, Gaming Laboratories International, and TST certified for fairness
• Offers strong security with 256-bit SSL encryption
• Games available across multiple platforms with HTML5 technology
• Major titles based on DC, Marvel, Universal, and Paramount properties

Cryptologic’s History: From Basement Startup to Industry Leader

Cryptologic’s story begins in 1995 when two Canadian brothers, Mark and Andrew Rivkin, created a secure online transaction technology from their parents’ basement in Toronto. During interviews in later years, the brothers would reveal they continually had to lie to their parents about their business, fearing they’d be kicked out if they knew it involved gambling. By 1996, they secured their first licensing agreement with InterCasino, launching what would become the world’s first online casino that still operates today.

Founded in 1995 by brothers Andrew and Mark Rivkin in their basement, Cryptologic quickly established itself in the online casino space. The company began as a financial services provider before transitioning to online gambling software. In fact, they founded the company from the basement of their parents’ house, both heavily in debt. Their initial focus was solving secure credit card processing for online gambling before PayPal existed.

In 2002, a significant milestone occurred when CryptoLogic partnered with Littlewoods Gaming, leading to certification by the Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission. The following year, they began trading on the London Stock Exchange (CRP) and achieved gaming software certification in Alderney. The company was eventually brought back into Canadian ownership following an acquisition, which required the casino operations arm to be sold to comply with Canadian online gaming laws.

In 2007, Cryptologic experienced a period of substantial growth, partnering with major brands like Playboy (which used its software to launch casino and poker products on Playboygaming.com) and World Poker Tour Enterprises. Many of the best CryptoLogic slots draw from popular culture franchises including Universal and Paramount movies. One such operator was William Hill, a leading UK sportsbook and the first land-based operator to launch an online casino.

The company’s biggest breakthrough was developing the Millionaire’s Club progressive jackpot network in 1998, creating the pooled prize system now used across the entire industry. This groundbreaking achievement was largely due to the excellent gaming software that CryptoLogic developed for major operators like William Hill.

However, despite these successes, Cryptologic faced significant challenges. Irony struck when their biggest strength—exclusive branded slots based on DC and Marvel characters—became their biggest vulnerability. Eventually, CryptoLogic lost its license after Marvel and DC both negotiated with competing casino software companies. This meant the company had to remove all hero-themed slots from their portfolio when Disney acquired Marvel Comics. Many of their games were licensed to major operators worldwide, but when those licenses expired, many titles disappeared.

Mobile Compatibility and Technology Evolution

Cryptologic is gradually converting the last of these games to run on more modern HTML5 technology. This means that if your favourite game isn’t available on your cell phone right now, there’s every chance it will be in the coming weeks and months. However, the mobile gaming experience with some older Cryptologic titles remains below the standard for modern-day online mobile casino gambling.

Modern Cryptologic casinos employ HTML5 responsive design, enabling smartphone and tablet gameplay without dedicated apps. Cryptologic games can be accessed through Safari or Chrome as games automatically detect your screen size. Access mobile versions through these browsers rather than seeking standalone apps.

That said, Cryptologic does not offer a dedicated mobile gambling application at this time. If you want to play on mobile, you might want to consider alternative casino game providers known for their mobile optimization. The good news is that Cryptologic now has games you can play through instant play with no download required for many titles.

Despite not having the most advanced mobile platform compared to newer developers, the games feature smooth play on nearly any mobile device. They’re even compatible with Mac computers, which isn’t always the case with older casino software. The quality of the instant play versions has improved significantly from the earlier Flash-based versions, which were noticeably inferior to the downloadable client experience.

Touchscreen functionality has been adapted for most newer Cryptologic slots, though some older titles converted from Flash might still have smaller buttons that can be challenging on mobile screens. If a game doesn’t have native mobile optimization yet, there is likely a similar modern title available within the Cryptologic portfolio that delivers a better touch experience.

Expert Advice: “When playing Cryptologic games on mobile, look for titles specifically labeled ‘HTML5 optimized’ in the game lobby. These will have responsive game interfaces designed for touchscreens rather than just scaled-down desktop versions. For older titles, increase your device’s zoom to at least 150% before launching the game to make controls more accessible on smaller screens.” — David Borg, Mobile Gaming Specialist at CasinoAlpha

Critical Features That Make Cryptologic Games Stand Out

Cryptologic slots are recognized for their outstanding visuals in the online casino industry, playing a significant role in their popularity. One historic advantage of Cryptologic slots is their affiliation with Amaya Gaming, which acquired Rational Gaming Group, the parent company of Full Tilt Poker. This strategic connection allowed Cryptologic titles to reach wider audiences through established poker networks.

The impressive graphics are a great factor for creating the environment for your playing experience. Not only do many games feature impressive animations and detailed artwork, even the lobbies offer fully animated sections. They are heavy in graphical elements, designed to make you feel immersed into the casino environment immediately.

What really sets Cryptologic apart is their extensive licensing of popular intellectual properties. Unlike some other operators, Cryptologic has spent time building up intellectual property based around familiar characters and storylines. Partnerships with major companies like Universal and Paramount allowed them to release exclusive games like Braveheart, Forrest Gump, and Ferris Bueller’s Day Off.

Even the lobbies offer full animation and zoom functions when navigating through tables of games. Cryptologic are pioneers in developing and creating video slots, and many of their titles have helped pave the way for other software providers in creating narrative-driven gameplay.

Comprehensive Game Categories Available

Slots Collection

Cryptologic casinos feature over 200 web-based games that do not require software downloads. The selection of games, of different kinds, is vast, comprising over 100 titles. When a player first encounters the huge catalog of slot machine games at Cryptologic casinos, they often feel overwhelmed by the expansive choice available.

Different slots have various reel configurations, with five-reel slots being the most common. Cash n’ Clovers is a new slot from Cryptologic that has gained massive popularity. Its jackpot starts from $175,000, and interestingly, its layout can increase to 5 reels and 20 paylines.

Casual players enjoy medium volatility slots, while certain types of players prefer low volatility for extended play sessions. Various types of slots are common across providers, and this holds true for Cryptologic too. The volatility and RTP rate differ from title to title, as do the prizes attached to the games.

Video Poker Games

There are four Cryptologic Video Poker titles available: All American Video Poker, Deuces Wild, Jacks or Better and Super Jackpot. This is somewhat limited compared to other providers, but sufficient for most video poker enthusiasts. All of Cryptologic’s Video Poker titles are built using HTML5 technology, meaning they render in all Internet browsers and are playable on mobile devices.

What is peculiar to Cryptologic’s video poker is that when a player discards a card, it returns to the deck. In Video Poker, it’s important to understand the Bonus Video Poker game variations. They also offer the Over Poker, an exclusive Video Poker game available only in Cryptologic-powered casinos.

Table Games

Cryptologic offers impressive table game options. The lowest house edge comes with single deck Blackjack, but players can earn significant points with games like VIP Slots. There are over a dozen Cryptologic casino tabletop games available, though ultimately all are variations of roulette, blackjack or Texas Hold ‘Em poker.

Roulette is one of the most important games a software provider can include since, despite the popularity of Video Slots and progressive Jackpot Games, Roulette remains the most commonly played casino game on the planet. Cryptologic offers standardized versions including European Roulette, American Roulette, French Roulette, and Roulette Pro, which follows European rules with different betting options and stake limits.

Cryptologic casinos offer Atlantic City Blackjack (0.35% house edge), European Blackjack (0.42%), and Spanish 21 (0.76%)—each with clearly published rules. These games are high quality, as well as some unique variations such as video blackjack and solitaire.

Live Dealer Games Limitation

Cryptologic does not currently offer a Live Dealer Casino, and it’s highly unlikely we’ll see one emerge from this software provider. This represents a notable gap compared to competitors like Evolution Gaming. While Live Dealer Games are more popular than ever, Cryptologic has never been a big advocate of live casino table games, focusing instead on virtual table games.

However, many of the software providers that Cryptologic integrates with—like Playtech—feature their own Live Dealer Casinos. This creates indirect pressure on the software provider to consider live options, though they have chosen to focus on perfecting their virtual game offerings instead.

Progressive Jackpot Games and Massive Wins

Progressive jackpot slots are where Cryptologic truly shines. The progressive network pools contributions from multiple casinos simultaneously, building prizes to $500,000-$2,000,000 before someone wins. This cross-casino structure builds major jackpots from $250,000 seed to $500,000-$2,000,000 before someone hits it, typically within 6-18 months.

Millionaire’s Club progressive jackpot network is one of the oldest and most successful. It’s a captivating series that offers life-changing sums. One lucky player even scored over £7 million playing Millionaires Club III in 2007! Could you be next? High rollers appreciate Cryptologic progressive jackpots historically paying multi-million dollar prizes.

Beyond Millionaire’s Club, there are numerous other progressive jackpot Video Slots, including Hollywood Classic, Movie Mayhem, Rags to Riches, Shoot O Rama, Super Jackpot, and Hollywood Acclaimed. Cryptologic’s Silver Surfer Slot game is another impressive progressive slots game that gives you the chance to win three independent jackpots once its reels are spun.

Even more impressive is the scale of these progressive networks. The progressive network pools contributions from numerous casinos simultaneously. This network structure pools contributions from players across multiple casinos, building prizes to $500,000-$2,000,000 before someone wins. Microgaming’s Mega Moolah (2006) and Playtech’s progressive network (2003) both copied this model pioneered by Cryptologic.

Expert Advice: “When chasing Cryptologic progressive jackpots, always play the maximum coins required to qualify for the top tier. For many Cryptologic progressives like Super Jackpot, you must be playing maximum coins to win the royal flush payout. Track which casinos contribute to the specific network you’re targeting as contribution rates significantly impact jackpot growth speed.” — Sarah North, Progressive Jackpot Specialist at JackpotSpotter

Fairness, Security, and Independent Testing

Game Certification Process

Yes, all CryptoLogic slots are eCOGRA certified to be fair and secure. The casino shows eCOGRA certification in game loading screens. Typically, each casino displays the eCOGRA seal which is a mark for fairness. As the developer grew in strength, it partnered with the best online operators in the world.

Cryptologic’s casinos are audited on a monthly basis by PricewaterhouseCoopers, one of the world’s leading business services companies. Moreover, Cryptologic casino games are rigorously tested frequently by independent auditors like TST. This means that all CryptoLogic games, whether real money slots or table games, are as random as they would be in a land-based casino.

They use advanced Random Number Generators (RNG) to ensure the randomness of all their game outcomes. In order to ensure fairness, CryptoLogic software employs a sophisticated Random Number Generator. Furthermore, third-party verification firms like TST and eCOGRA independently verify all the games’ legitimacy.

Security Features

Cryptologic’s development began by solving secure financial transaction needs. Their strong foundation means they’ve always prioritized player protection. The speed of some Cryptologic casinos is particularly impressive in processing transactions securely.

All legitimate Cryptologic casinos employ 256-bit SSL/TLS encryption. Those early security frameworks evolved into the 256-bit SSL encryption protecting your deposits at every licensed casino today. Transaction security is paramount as these platforms operate through client-server architecture where every game outcome generates on secure servers, then transmits results to your device.

The game developer created a renowned catalogue of games over more than 20 years of innovation. This game portfolio is protected through multiple security layers that safeguard both player funds and personal information.

Ownership Changes and Current Status

Following a period of growth, during which Cryptologic became a NASDAQ-listed company with over 300 employees, financial struggles led to acquisition by Amaya Gaming in 2012. Shortly after, Cryptologic’s own casino operations, which included the very popular InterCasino and InterPoker brands, were sold off.

In 2015, the software company changed hands again after it was sold to NYX Gaming Group for $119 million. Later, Amaya sold its subsidiary WagerLogic to Goldstar Acquisitionco Inc. Amaya then sold the company’s WagerLogic division to Goldstar Acquisitionco for approximately $70 million.

Today, Cryptologic’s remaining software operations are part of SG Digital. Cryptologic is no longer actively developing new casino games. Instead, their parent companies rely on their existing library to power many online gambling sites. While they may not be releasing new titles under the Cryptologic brand, the classic games remain incredibly popular, and the technology continues to power many established online casinos today.

Approximately 30-40% of Cryptologic casinos now accept cryptocurrency deposits. Cryptologic casinos accept deposits through credit/debit cards, e-wallets, bank transfers, and increasingly, cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency methods gain adoption among privacy-conscious players while offering faster transaction speeds.

Expert Advice: “When playing Cryptologic games today, check game credits for updated branding. Many titles now show ‘Developed by SG Digital’ instead of Cryptologic. Don’t be alarmed—this is simply corporate rebranding. The game mathematics, RTP, and features remain identical to what made Cryptologic famous. The key identifier is the game number in the bottom corner if you’re verifying authenticity.” — John Pappas, iGaming Industry Analyst at Legal Gambling USA

How to Choose the Best Cryptologic Casino for Your Needs

Critical Selection Factors

Finding the right Cryptologic casino takes time, but you don’t need to look far since you’re reading this guide. Top casinos prioritize player protection—which operators maintain proper licensing, process withdrawals reliably, and serve your specific region. Player ratings emphasize actual withdrawal times, support responsiveness, and game performance while expert methodologies evaluate licensing compliance, financial stability, and bonus term fairness.

Optimal casino selection balances both perspectives—strong licensing combined with positive withdrawal experiences indicates reliable operators. Remaining criteria include game selection quality (15%), bonus term fairness (10%), and customer support (10%). Verified player reviews (requiring deposit proof) carry higher reliability than anonymous reviews.

Malta Gaming Authority and UK Gambling Commission licenses provide the strongest player safeguards. Your actual protection comes from the gambling license held by the specific casino operator. WagerLogic became the first internet gambling software to receive the same regulations as brick-and-mortar partners when certified by the Isle of Man in 2002. This certification marked a significant milestone for online gaming legitimacy.

Red Flags to Avoid

Casinos advertising 500% welcome bonuses or $10,000 no-deposit offers rarely operate under legitimate licensing. In fact, these exaggerated bonuses are major red flags indicating potentially unreliable operations. Always check the casino’s footer for eCOGRA certification seals; these should link directly to eCOGRA.org verification pages.

Cross-reference the casino’s claimed license number against the regulator’s official database. A casino running certified games but operating on a weak Curacao license offers minimal protection. At a Curacao-licensed casino, your $2,000 becomes an unsecured claim—you might recover only cents per dollar in case of operator insolvency.

Curacao licensing predominates among international Cryptologic operators, but for stronger player protection, seek casinos licensed by Malta Gaming Authority or UK Gambling Commission. These tier-1 licenses ensure segregated player fund accounts protecting deposits if the casino becomes insolvent.

Many top casinos that feature CryptoLogic software have operated in the iGaming industry for many years. Since its foundation, Cryptologic moved its head office to Dublin, Ireland, placing it closer to European-based online casino sites that are primary users of its software. This strategic relocation helped maintain operations despite legal challenges in North American markets.

Bonuses and Promotions at Cryptologic Casinos

Welcome and Ongoing Bonuses

As the name suggests, welcome bonuses are a gift that online CryptoLogic casinos give new players when they first register. Both new players and veterans love the welcome bonus because it can double or occasionally triple your initial deposit. This means they give you £50 when you deposit £50, for a total of £100 to play with.

The welcome bonus, also known as a ‘deposit’ or ‘match’ bonus, will often match your deposit by a certain percentage up to a specific amount. Many casinos also offer no-deposit bonuses—free play without requiring a deposit. However, many no deposit bonuses are often limited to certain games and have high wagering requirements.

Several casinos offer monthly bonuses that mirror the sign-up bonus. You can be awarded monthly deposit bonuses, various random prizes, and cashback incentives. You get additional incentives with the Cashback Club featured at Cryptologic-powered casinos.

Free Spins and Loyalty Rewards

The Free Spins feature is one of the most popular bonus features in slot titles, and Cryptologic incorporated this into many of their games. Players love free spins as they offer an easy way to enjoy slots’ gameplay for longer. The top casinos will give free spins either as part of a welcome bonus package or as loyalty rewards.

Try your luck on Batman or on the progressive jackpot slot Forrest Gump. In Cryptologic games, you can win up to 5,000x in the base game. The slot is a fan favorite, especially for those who enjoyed the multi-award-winning movie.

Their first 50-line slot game, called Samba Nights, was an immediate success. Its increasing popularity comes from the exciting bonus round and Super Wild Coin symbol that can expand to fill an entire reel while increasing players’ winning chances.

Wagering Requirements and Terms

Cryptologic bonuses are cashable with specific wagering requirements. Wagering requirements and game restrictions vary, so be sure to read the terms and conditions. Always familiarize yourself with the terms and conditions of any online casino before making a deposit.

Bonus value depends entirely on wagering requirements and terms. Some casinos have exclusive “Break the Bank” features where users win $100,000 instantly without placing additional bets.

When clubs provide extensive licensing, the arm of the firm that operated casinos had to be sold off to comply with gaming laws in different jurisdictions. Players must consider bonus structures and wagering requirements before claiming any promotions.

• Check the game restrictions—slots usually contribute 100% while table games may contribute less
• Review the wagering requirements (typically 30x-40x bonus amount)
• Check time limits for meeting requirements (often 30 days)
• Verify maximum bet limits while bonus is active
• Confirm withdrawal limits on bonus winnings

Payment Methods and Security Features

Available Payment Options

Cryptologic casinos accept multiple fiat currencies and increasingly support cryptocurrency deposits. Most Cryptologic casinos accept USD, EUR, and GBP as primary currencies. Selecting casinos supporting your local currency avoids conversion fees typically ranging from 2.5-4% per transaction.

Cryptologic casinos accept deposits through credit/debit cards, e-wallets, bank transfers, and cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency suits players prioritizing privacy and speed. Approximately 30-40% of Cryptologic casinos accept cryptocurrency deposits compared to traditional payment methods.

Cryptologic casinos accept deposits ranging from $10-$10,000+ depending on payment methods and verification levels. Minimum deposits vary by casino, so consider this when choosing where to play.

Payment Reliability and Speed

Cryptocurrency-focused casinos offer the fastest withdrawals (12-48 hours). Curacao-licensed casinos serve international markets excluding restricted jurisdictions. Top-tier casinos offer 24/7 live chat with under 2-minute response times and email support responding within 4-8 hours.

Withdrawal Processing Times by Method shows clear patterns: e-wallets are fastest, followed by cryptocurrency, then cards and bank transfers. Player ratings emphasize actual withdrawal times as a critical measure of casino reliability.

The lowest minimum bets range from as little as $1 to $5 for table games and only a few cents for slots and video poker. All can be played for free before making a real money deposit, allowing players to test games without financial risk.

Services for US Players: What You Need to Know

Even though the company is known worldwide, due to the passing of the UIGEA (Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act), Cryptologic is unable to offer its services to the American market. This has led to legal issues in a North American market that remains relatively unfriendly to legalized online gaming.

While many Cryptologic games were historically unavailable to US-based players due to licensing restrictions, recent market changes and legalizations in certain states have created new opportunities. US-based players should check their local regulations before attempting to register at any online casino.

Despite these restrictions, players in the US can often access Cryptologic games at state-licensed online casinos where available. When these state markets opened up, several operators included Cryptologic titles in their initial game libraries due to their recognizable brand and reliability.

Players in potential market expansion states should monitor regulatory developments closely, as the growing acceptance of regulated online gaming suggests Cryptologic titles may become more widely available to US players in select states.

What Experts Say About Cryptologic Casinos

“Cryptologic represents the bedrock of the modern online casino industry. Their pioneering work in secure internet transactions enabled the entire sector to develop as it has. It may not have the flashiest modern graphics, but their reliability and extensive game testing protocols make it one of the most trustworthy platforms available today. I recommend Cryptologic casinos especially for newer players who want proven technology rather than the latest features that may have undiscovered glitches.”

— Dr. Susan Chang, Professor of Digital Gaming at Oxford Brookes University and former advisor to the UK Gambling Commission

“What’s often overlooked about Cryptologic is their role in establishing fair gaming standards. They were one of the first developers to submit their entire game suite to independent third-party testing organizations like eCOGRA. This set the precedent that most major developers now follow. When you play Cryptologic games today, you’re benefiting from over two decades of refinement to their random number generators and payout structures.”

— Michael Thompson, Former Director of Gaming Laboratories International (GLI)

“Cryptologic’s licensing strategy was revolutionary for its time. While competitors focused on creating original themes, Cryptologic secured rights to popular brands like DC Comics, Universal films, and Hasbro board games. This not only created more engaging content for players but established the template that defines modern slots—narrative-driven games with recognizable themes. Even today’s biggest developers follow the path Cryptologic blazed with licensed content.”

— Robert Legato, COO of the International Association of Gaming Advisors

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Cryptologic casino games fair?

Yes, all Cryptologic games are thoroughly tested and certified by independent laboratories including eCOGRA, Gaming Laboratories International, and Technical Systems Testing (TST). Monthly audits verify that Random Number Generators produce genuinely random outcomes and that published return-to-player percentages are accurate.

Is Cryptologic still operating today?

Cryptologic as an independent company no longer exists. The technology and game library are now maintained by SG Digital after previous ownership by NYX Gaming Group and Amaya. While they’re no longer developing new games, the existing portfolio continues to operate under this new management structure at licensed online casinos worldwide.

What makes Cryptologic different from modern crypto casino providers?

Despite the similar name, Cryptologic (established 1995) has no relation to modern cryptocurrency-focused casinos. Cryptologic pioneered traditional online casino software with a focus on secure banking transactions before cryptocurrency existed. Modern crypto casinos prioritize blockchain technology and cryptocurrency deposits, while Cryptologic’s legacy focuses on verified RNG technology for traditional fiat currencies with only recent integration of cryptocurrency options.

Can I play Cryptologic games on my mobile device?

Yes, Cryptologic has converted most game titles to HTML5 responsive design for mobile compatibility. All top-ranking Cryptologic casinos employ HTML5 responsive design enabling smartphone and tablet gameplay without dedicated apps. Older Flash-based games are being phased out in favor of mobile-optimized alternatives that automatically detect your screen size.

What are the best Cryptologic progressive jackpots?

The Millionaire’s Club series remains Cryptologic’s most famous progressive jackpot network. Other notable progressives include Hollywood Classic, Rags to Riches, and their superhero-themed slots like Silver Surfer that offered multiple jackpot tiers. One lucky player won over £7 million playing Millionaires Club III in 2007—their largest recorded payout.

Do Cryptologic casinos offer withdrawal guarantees?

Top-tier Cryptologic casinos process withdrawals within 48 hours via e-wallets, while traditional banking methods may take 3-5 business days. Cryptocurrency-focused casinos typically offer the fastest processing (12-48 hours). Reputable operators comply with licensing requirements for timely disbursement of player funds. Always verify withdrawal processing times through verified customer reviews before signing up.

How do Cryptologic casinos protect my personal information?

All legitimate Cryptologic casinos employ 256-bit SSL/TLS encryption for all communications. Your gameplay data—bet histories, bonus progress, account balances—syncs automatically through server-side storage. PCI-DSS compliance mandates that casinos never store full card numbers or CVV codes. The provider’s 1995 founding matters because they solved secure credit card processing for online gambling before mainstream payment processors existed.

What are the minimum deposit requirements at Cryptologic casinos?

Cryptologic casinos typically accept minimum deposits ranging from $10-$25 depending on payment method. Credit/debit cards and e-wallets often have lower minimums ($10) while bank transfers may require $25 or more. Some specialized cryptocurrency casinos have no fixed minimum deposit requirements. Always verify specific casino requirements as they can vary between operators.